Teide, or Mount Teide, (Spanish: El Teide, Pico del Teide, pronounced [ˈpiko ðel ˈtejðe], "Teide Peak") is a volcano on Tenerife inside the Canary Islands, Spain. Its summit (at 3,715 m (twelve,188 ft)) is the highest stage in Spain and the best stage higher than sea level while in the islands of your Atlantic.
If measured in the ocean ground, its height of 7,five hundred m (24,600 ft) would make Teide the fourth-optimum volcano on earth, and is also described by UNESCO and NASA as Earth's 3rd-tallest volcanic structure. On the other hand, as Teide was shaped just one hundred seventy,000 decades in the past because of volcanic exercise following a catastrophic landslide, Teide's foundation is in fact situated from the Las Cañadas crater (the stays of the older, eroded, extinct volcano) in a height of all over two,one hundred ninety m (seven,a hundred ninety ft) higher than sea degree. Teide's elevation previously mentioned sea amount helps make Tenerife the tenth best island on the earth. Teide is undoubtedly an Lively volcano: its most recent eruption occurred in 1909 with the El Chinyero vent within the northwestern Santiago rift. The United Nations Committee for Catastrophe Mitigation specified Teide a Decade Volcano[10] as a consequence of its record of damaging eruptions and its proximity to a number of massive cities, of which the closest are Garachico, Icod de los Vinos and Puerto de la Cruz. Teide, Pico Viejo and Montaña Blanca kind the Central Volcanic Advanced of Tenerife.
The volcano and its surroundings comprise Teide Countrywide Park, that has an area of eighteen,900 hectares (forty seven,000 acres) and was named a Planet Heritage Internet site by UNESCO in 2007.[8] Teide is considered the most visited normal marvel of Spain, by far the most frequented nationwide park in Spain and Europe and – by 2015 – the eighth most visited in the world, with some 3 million readers yearly. In 2016, it was visited by 4,079,823 site visitors and travellers, achieving a historic file. Teide Observatory, A significant Intercontinental astronomical observatory, is situated on the slopes in the mountain.
Before the 1496 Spanish colonization of Tenerife, the indigenous Guanches referred to a strong figure living in the volcano, which carries light-weight, power and also the sun. El Pico del Teide is the modern Spanish identify.[15]
Teide was a sacred mountain with the aboriginal Guanches, so it was deemed a mythological mountain, as Mount Olympus el teide was to The traditional Greeks. In line with legend, Guayota (the devil) kidnapped Magec (the god of light plus the Solar) and imprisoned him Within the volcano, plunging the earth into darkness. The Guanches asked their supreme god Achamán for clemency, so Achamán fought Guayota, freed Magec in the bowels of the mountain, and plugged the crater with Guayota. It is alleged that due to the fact then, Guayota has remained locked within Teide. When happening to Teide in the course of an eruption, it had been customary for that Guanches to mild bonfires to scare Guayota. Guayota is usually represented being a black Doggy, accompanied by his host of demons (Tibicenas).
The Guanches also believed that Teide held up the sky. Lots of hiding areas located in the mountains consist of the remains of stone applications and pottery. These happen to be interpreted as being ritual deposits to counter the impact of evil spirits, like Individuals created by the Berbers of Kabylie. The Guanches thought the mountain being the spot that housed the forces of evil and quite possibly the most evil figure, Guayota.[sixteen]
Guayota shares capabilities similar to other effective deities inhabiting volcanoes, including the goddess Pele of Hawaiian mythology, who lives within the volcano Kīlauea and is also regarded because of the indigenous Hawaiians as chargeable for the eruptions from the volcano.[seventeen] Precisely the same was genuine for The traditional Greeks and Romans, who believed that Vulcano and Mount Etna have been chimneys in the foundry of the hearth god Hephaestus (Vulcan in Latin).
In 1492, when Christopher Columbus arrived within the island of Tenerife, his crew claimed to see flames coming from the highest mountain with the island (Teide).
Teide very last erupted in 1909 in the El Chinyero vent,[23] within the Santiago Ridge. Historical volcanic activity on the island is linked to vents over the Santiago or northwest rift (Boca Cangrejo in 1492, Montañas Negras in 1706,[23] Narices del Teide or Chahorra in 1798, and El Chinyero in 1909) along with the Cordillera Dorsal or northeast rift (Fasnia in 1704, Siete Fuentes and Arafo in 1705). The 1706 Montañas Negras eruption wrecked the city and principal port of Garachico, together with numerous more compact villages.[15]
Historic activity connected with the Teide and Pico Viejo stratovolcanoes [23] occurred in 1798 in the Narices del Teide over the western flank of Pico Viejo. Eruptive material from Pico Viejo, Montaña Teide and Montaña Blanca partially fills the Las Cañadas caldera.[22] The last explosive eruption involving the central volcanic centre was from Montaña Blanca all over 2000 several years in the past. The last eruption throughout the Las Cañadas caldera occurred in 1798 from your Narices del Teide or Chahorra (Teide's Nostrils) about the western flank of Pico Viejo. The eruption was predominantly strombolian in design and a lot of the lava was ʻaʻā. This lava is seen beside the Vilaflor–Chio street.
Christopher Columbus claimed looking at "an excellent fireplace inside the Orotava Valley" as he sailed past Tenerife on his voyage to find the New Earth in 1492. This was interpreted as indicating that he had witnessed an eruption there. Radiometric courting of doable lavas signifies that in 1492 no eruption happened while in the Orotava Valley, but one particular did manifest within the Boca Cangrejo vent.[23]
The final summit eruption from Teide happened with regard to the year 850 Advert, which eruption developed the "Lavas Negras" or "Black Lavas" that include much on the flanks of the volcano.[23]
About 150,000 many years ago, a much bigger explosive eruption transpired, in all probability of Volcanic Explosivity Index 5. It created the Las Cañadas caldera, a big caldera at about two,000 m higher than sea stage, around 16 km (nine.9 mi) from east to west and nine km (five.6 mi) from north to south. At Guajara, about the south facet on the construction, The interior partitions increase as Just about sheer cliffs from 2,a hundred to 2,715 m (6,890 to 8,907 ft). The 3,715 m (12,188 ft) summit of Teide by itself, and its sister stratovolcano Pico Viejo (three,134 m (10,282 ft)), are both of those located within the northern half in the caldera and so are derived from eruptions later than this prehistoric explosion.
Upcoming eruptions may involve pyroclastic flows and surges comparable to those that occurred at Mount Pelée, Merapi, Vesuvius, Etna, the Soufrière Hills, Mount Unzen and in other places. Throughout 2003, there was a rise in seismic exercise in the volcano and also a rift opened to the north-east flank. No eruptive action happened but a amount of material, probably liquid, was emplaced in to the edifice and it is believed to possess a quantity of ~1011 m3.[citation wanted] These exercise can indicate that magma is soaring in to the edifice, but is not really often a precursor to an eruption.[15]
Teide additionally is considered structurally unstable and its northern flank has a particular bulge.[citation wanted] The summit with the volcano has a variety of small Energetic fumaroles emitting sulfur dioxide along with other gases, together with low levels of hydrogen sulfide.
Future eruptions may perhaps include pyroclastic flows and surges just like those that happened at Mount Pelée, Merapi, Vesuvius, Etna, the Soufrière Hills, Mount Unzen and elsewhere. All through 2003, there was an increase in seismic activity at the volcano in addition to a rift opened about the north-east flank. No eruptive activity occurred but a quantity of material, maybe liquid, was emplaced into your edifice and is approximated to possess a quantity of ~1011 m3.[citation required] These activity can indicate that magma is increasing in to the edifice, but is not really normally a precursor to an eruption.[15]
Teide On top of that is considered structurally unstable and its northern flank has a particular bulge.[citation desired] The summit with the volcano has numerous compact Energetic fumaroles emitting sulfur dioxide together with other gases, like reduced amounts of hydrogen sulfide.
A scientific assessment in 2006, posted within the journal Eos, noticed that "before thirty,000 many years, eruptions have transpired in a level of only 4 to six per millennium, that has a predominance (70%) of pretty low hazard, basaltic eruptions".[36] The authors even more commented that "the the latest eruptive report, combined with the accessible petrological and radiometric data, presents a rather optimistic outlook on main volcanic hazards linked to Teide and its rift zones, posing only pretty localized threats into the one million inhabitants of Tenerife as well as the four.five million once-a-year visitors to Teide Countrywide Park." On the other hand, One more review in 2009 concluded that Teide will probably erupt violently Sooner or later, and that its structure is similar to that of Vesuvius and Etna.[37] Consequently the magnitude of the danger posed by Teide to the general public remains a source of discussion.
In a publication of 1626, Sir Edmund Scory, who likely stayed over the island in the main a long time of the seventeenth century, gives a description of Teide, during which he notes the ideal paths to the very best and the results its appreciable peak will cause for travellers, indicating that the volcano were accessed by means of distinctive routes before the seventeenth century.[39] In 1715 the English traveler J. Edens and his celebration produced the ascent and documented their observations during the journal of the Royal Modern society in London.[40]
Once the Enlightenment, many of the expeditions that went to East Africa and also the Pacific experienced Teide as one of the most gratifying targets. The expedition of Lord George Macartney, George Staunton and John Barrow in 1792 Practically ended in tragedy, as An important snowstorm and rain swept more than them they usually failed to get to the peak of Teide, just hardly obtaining earlier Montaña Blanca.[40][forty one]
The German scientist Alexander von Humboldt stopped in Tenerife in the course of his voyage to South The united states in 1799 and climbed Teide with his travelling companion Goalé Bonpland and some neighborhood guides.[42]
For the duration of an expedition to Kilimanjaro, the German adventurer Hans Heinrich Joseph Meyer visited Teide in 1894 to look at ice ailments about the volcano. He explained the two mountains as "two kings, a person mounting inside the ocean and one other in the desert and steppes".[forty]
A lot more not too long ago in November 2017, Gema Hassen-Bey turned the 1st Paralympic athlete on this planet inside a wheelchair to succeed in three,000 meters altitude with just the momentum of her arms. Originally, Gema needed to reach the top of Teide, although, on account of weather conditions, she could not meet up with this goal.
The lava flows over the flanks of Teide weather to an extremely thin but nutrient- and mineral-loaded soil that supports a wide variety of plant species. Vascular flora includes 168 plant species, 33 of that happen to be endemic to Tenerife.[forty four]
Forests of Canary Island Pine (Pinus canariensis) with Canary Island juniper (Juniperus cedrus) happen from one,000 to 2,one hundred metres (three,three hundred–6,900 ft), masking the center slopes in the volcano and achieving an alpine tree line one,000 m (three,three hundred ft) lower than that of continental mountains at related latitudes.[forty five][46] Inside the Las Cañadas caldera and at increased altitudes, plant species endemic for the Teide Nationwide Park incorporate: the Teide white broom (Spartocytisus supranubius), that has white flowers; Descurainia bourgaeana, a shrubby crucifer with yellow flowers; the Canary Island wallflower (Erysimum scoparium), that has violet bouquets; as well as the Teide bugloss (Echium wildpretii), whose red flowers type a pyramid as many as three m (nine.eight ft) in peak.[47] The Teide daisy (Argyranthemum teneriffae) can be found at altitudes close to three,600 m (eleven,800 ft) higher than sea amount, plus the Teide violet (Viola cheiranthifolia) are available correct up for the summit, which makes it the very best flowering plant in Spain.[48]
These crops are tailored to the hard environmental ailments within the volcano, like higher altitude, intensive sunlight, Severe temperature versions, and deficiency of moisture. Adaptations contain hemispherical forms, a downy or waxy protect, a reduction in the exposed leaf location, and high flower production.[46][forty nine] Flowering will take position in the late spring or early summertime, in May perhaps and June.
Teide Nationwide Park is made up of numerous invertebrate species, around forty% of that happen to be endemic species, and 70 of which might be located only from the National Park. The invertebrate fauna consists of spiders, beetles, dipterans, hemipterans, and hymenopterae.[50]
In distinction, Teide National Park has only a limited selection of vertebrate fauna.[fifty one] Ten species of fowl nest there, such as the blue chaffinch (Fringilla teydea), Berthelot's pipit (Anthus berthelotii berthelotii), the Atlantic canary (Serinus canaria) along with a subspecies of kestrel (Falco tinnunculus canariensis).[fifty two][53]
A few endemic reptile species are located in the park: the Canary Island lizard (Gallotia galloti galloti), the Canary Island wall gecko (Tarentola delalandii), along with the Canary Island skink (Chalcides viridanus viridanus).[fifty one][fifty four] The sole mammals indigenous to the park are bats, the most typical of that's Leisler's bat (Nyctalus leisleri). Other mammals, like the mouflon, the rabbit, your house mouse, the black rat, the feral cat, plus the North African hedgehog, have all been launched for the park.
Teide is the most crucial symbol of Tenerife and quite possibly the most emblematic organic monument of the Canary Islands. A picture of Teide, gushing flames, appears in the centre of Tenerife's coat of arms. Higher than the volcano seems St. Michael, the patron saint of Tenerife. The flag shades of the island are dim blue, ordinarily identified Using the sea that surrounds the island, and white for the whiteness with the snow-lined peaks of Mount Teide during Wintertime. The brand with the Cabildo de Tenerife (governing body in the island) features a symbol of Teide in eruption.
Teide is depicted often in the course of background, in the earliest engravings produced by European conquerors to standard Canarian craft objects, within the back of a thousand-peseta notes, in oil paintings and on postcards.
From the Canary Islands, In particular on Tenerife, Teide has cultural symbolism deeply rooted in traditions and historical past. It really is popularly often called Padre Teide (Father Teide).
eide National Park (Spanish: Parque nacional del Teide, pronounced [ˈpaɾke naθjoˈnal de ˈtejðe]) is usually a nationwide park situated in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain).
The national park is centered on Mount Teide, the very best mountain of Spain (3,718 meters large) in addition, the highest volcano while in the Atlantic Ocean islands as well as the 3rd optimum volcano on the globe from its base inside the ocean flooring (seven.five hundred meters higher). Pico Viejo, also involved inside the national park boundaries, is the next best volcano inside the Canary Islands with its 3,135 m peak. Mount Teide and Pico Viejo are the only two peaks while in the Canary islands growing above The three,000 m level.
The park has an area of 18,990 hectares situated in the municipality of La Orotava[citation wanted]. It absolutely was named a Globe Heritage Site by UNESCO on June 28, 2007.[1] Since the close of 2007, it's also been one of many twelve Treasures of Spain. With a ridge, towards the east of Teide, are definitely the telescopes on the Observatorio del Teide.
Teide is considered the most frequented national park in Spain and −by 2015− the eighth most visited in the world,[two] with a few three million readers yearly.[3] In 2016, it was frequented by 4,079,823 readers and tourists achieving a historic document.[four][5]
There are early morning and afternoon mentor journeys through the park, departing from picked spots inside the south of Tenerife's vacationer cities. Use of the peak requires a no cost allow that needs to be booked beforehand.
The Teide Countrywide Park has a large historic value. This put had a very important spiritual significance to aboriginal Guanches and essential archaeological web pages are already identified during the park. With the Guanches the Teide was a place of worship, they thought it had been the gate of hell (Echeyde).[7]
Nationwide park position was declared on January 22, 1954, which was one of the third in Spain. In 1981 the park was reclassified and set up to be a Particular legal routine. In 1989, the Council of Europe awarded the eu Diploma of Shielded Spots, in its highest class. This recognition and conservation administration has been subsequently renewed in 1994, 1999 and 2004.
In celebration of the 50th anniversary of its transformation right into a national park, in 2002 the paperwork was begun to declare the park a UNESCO Environment Heritage Internet site. On June 28, 2007, following 5 years of labor and effort, UNESCO made a decision to declare the Teide Countrywide Park, Earth Heritage Web-site in the World Heritage Conference of UNESCO held in Christchurch, New Zealand. Teide Nationwide Park is usually at the conclusion of 2007, one of several twelve Treasures of Spain.
Teide Countrywide Park is complementary to the Hawaiʻi Volcanoes Nationwide Park,[eight] this is principally on account of being in Every of these represented the volcanic structures and varieties a lot less progressed magmas of these types of islands (Hawaii) and much more developed and differentiated (Teide).[9] Additionally, Teide National Park shares identical scenic traits Together with the Grand Canyon Nationwide Park in Arizona, U.s..
The lava flows within the flanks of Teide temperature to an exceptionally slender, but nutrient and mineral wealthy soil that supports a various quantity of plant species. Vascular flora consists of 168 plant species, 33 of that happen to be endemic to Tenerife.[10]
Forests of Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) take place from a thousand–2100 m, covering the middle slopes in the volcano, and having an alpine timberline 1000 m decrease than that of continental mountains of comparable latitude.[11] At higher altitudes, the Las Cañadas caldera presents ample shelter For additional fragile species including the Canary Island cedar (Juniperus cedrus), and also the Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) to develop.[12]
One of the most dominant plant species while in the Teide Countrywide Park would be the Teide white broom (Spartocytisus supranubius),