Teide, or Mount Teide, (Spanish: El Teide, Pico del Teide, pronounced [ˈpiko ðel ˈtejðe], "Teide Peak") can be a volcano on Tenerife from the Canary Islands, Spain. Its summit (at three,715 m (twelve,188 ft)) is the best point in Spain and the highest level higher than sea amount while in the islands from the Atlantic.
If calculated through the ocean ground, its height of 7,500 m (24,600 ft) tends to make Teide the fourth-highest volcano on earth, and it is explained by UNESCO and NASA as Earth's 3rd-tallest volcanic framework. Even so, as Teide was fashioned just 170,000 several years back resulting from volcanic action adhering to a catastrophic landslide, Teide's base is actually located while in the Las Cañadas crater (the continues to be of an more mature, eroded, extinct volcano) at a top of all over 2,190 m (7,a hundred ninety ft) earlier mentioned sea level. Teide's elevation above sea level can make Tenerife the tenth optimum island on the globe. Teide is an active volcano: its most recent eruption transpired in 1909 with the El Chinyero vent on the northwestern Santiago rift. The United Nations Committee for Disaster Mitigation designated Teide ten years Volcano[ten] because of its background of damaging eruptions and its proximity to numerous huge towns, of which the closest are Garachico, Icod de los Vinos and Puerto de la Cruz. Teide, Pico Viejo and Montaña Blanca kind the Central Volcanic Intricate of Tenerife.
The volcano and its environment comprise Teide National Park, that has a location of eighteen,900 hectares (47,000 acres) and was named a Globe Heritage Web site by UNESCO in 2007.[eight] Teide is the most visited normal marvel of Spain, probably the most frequented countrywide park in Spain and Europe and – by 2015 – the eighth most visited on the earth, with some 3 million visitors yearly. In 2016, it absolutely was visited by 4,079,823 readers and vacationers, reaching a historic file. Teide Observatory, A significant Global astronomical observatory, is found about the slopes with the mountain.
Prior to the 1496 Spanish colonization of Tenerife, the native Guanches referred to a strong determine living in the volcano, which carries light, electrical power along with the Solar. El Pico del Teide is the modern Spanish name.[fifteen]
Teide was a sacred mountain with the aboriginal Guanches, so it had been considered a mythological mountain, as Mount Olympus was to the ancient Greeks. In line with legend, Guayota (the devil) kidnapped Magec (the god of light along with the Sunshine) and imprisoned him Within the volcano, plunging the earth into darkness. The Guanches requested their supreme god Achamán for clemency, so Achamán fought Guayota, freed Magec through the bowels of your mountain, and plugged the crater with Guayota. It is said that due to the fact then, Guayota has remained locked inside Teide. When taking place to Teide in the course of an eruption, it absolutely was customary for your Guanches to mild bonfires to scare Guayota. Guayota is often represented being a black Pet dog, accompanied by his host of demons (Tibicenas).
The Guanches also believed that Teide held up the sky. Numerous hiding places present in the mountains consist of the continues to be of stone applications and pottery. These are actually interpreted as remaining ritual deposits to counter the affect of evil spirits, like Individuals created by the Berbers of Kabylie. The Guanches thought the mountain being the area that housed the forces of evil and probably the most evil determine, Guayota.[16]
Guayota shares options much like other powerful deities inhabiting volcanoes, such as the goddess Pele of Hawaiian mythology, who lives during the volcano Kīlauea which is regarded through masca the native Hawaiians as to blame for the eruptions from the volcano.[seventeen] The identical was correct for the ancient Greeks and Romans, who believed that Vulcano and Mount Etna have been chimneys of your foundry of the fire god Hephaestus (Vulcan in Latin).
In 1492, when Christopher Columbus arrived at the island of Tenerife, his crew claimed to discover flames coming from the best mountain with the island (Teide).
Teide previous erupted in 1909 through the El Chinyero vent,[23] within the Santiago Ridge. Historic volcanic action about the island is associated with vents over the Santiago or northwest rift (Boca Cangrejo in 1492, Montañas Negras in 1706,[23] Narices del Teide or Chahorra in 1798, and El Chinyero in 1909) along with the Cordillera Dorsal or northeast rift (Fasnia in 1704, Siete Fuentes and Arafo in 1705). The 1706 Montañas Negras eruption wrecked the town and principal port of Garachico, in addition to a number of scaled-down villages.[fifteen]
Historical activity affiliated with the Teide and Pico Viejo stratovolcanoes [23] occurred in 1798 through the Narices del Teide around the western flank of Pico Viejo. Eruptive substance from Pico Viejo, Montaña Teide and Montaña Blanca partially fills the Las Cañadas caldera.[22] The final explosive eruption involving the central volcanic centre was from Montaña Blanca around 2000 years ago. The last eruption in the Las Cañadas caldera occurred in 1798 within the Narices del Teide or Chahorra (Teide's Nostrils) within the western flank of Pico Viejo. The eruption was predominantly strombolian in fashion and many of the lava was ʻaʻā. This lava is seen beside the Vilaflor–Chio street.
Christopher Columbus described seeing "an excellent fireplace in the Orotava Valley" as he sailed earlier Tenerife on his voyage to find out the New Globe in 1492. This was interpreted as indicating that he had witnessed an eruption there. Radiometric dating of achievable lavas implies that in 1492 no eruption happened in the Orotava Valley, but one did arise in the Boca Cangrejo vent.[23]
The last summit eruption from Teide happened concerning the 12 months 850 Advert, and this eruption made the "Lavas Negras" or "Black Lavas" that deal with much on the flanks on the volcano.[23]
About a hundred and fifty,000 years in the past, a much larger explosive eruption occurred, most likely of Volcanic Explosivity Index five. It designed the Las Cañadas caldera, a big caldera at about 2,000 m previously mentioned sea amount, around sixteen km (nine.nine mi) from east to west and nine km (5.six mi) from north to south. At Guajara, over the south facet of your structure, the internal partitions rise as Nearly sheer cliffs from two,a hundred to 2,715 m (6,890 to eight,907 ft). The 3,715 m (twelve,188 ft) summit of Teide by itself, and its sister stratovolcano Pico Viejo (3,134 m (ten,282 ft)), are each located while in the northern half in the caldera and are derived from eruptions afterwards than this prehistoric explosion.
Upcoming eruptions may include pyroclastic flows and surges comparable to the ones that transpired at Mount Pelée, Merapi, Vesuvius, Etna, the Soufrière Hills, Mount Unzen and in other places. In the course of 2003, there was an increase in seismic action with the volcano in addition to a rift opened on the north-east flank. No eruptive action transpired but a amount of material, perhaps liquid, was emplaced in the edifice and is estimated to possess a quantity of ~1011 m3.[citation necessary] This kind of exercise can indicate that magma is growing into your edifice, but isn't generally a precursor to an eruption.[15]
Teide Also is considered structurally unstable and its northern flank has a distinctive bulge.[citation essential] The summit from the volcano has several modest Energetic fumaroles emitting sulfur dioxide together with other gases, together with minimal amounts of hydrogen sulfide.
Future eruptions could include pyroclastic flows and surges similar to people who happened at Mount Pelée, Merapi, Vesuvius, Etna, the Soufrière Hills, Mount Unzen and somewhere else. Through 2003, there was a rise in seismic activity for the volcano along with a rift opened within the north-east flank. No eruptive action transpired but a quantity of material, probably liquid, was emplaced to the edifice and is believed to have a volume of ~1011 m3.[citation wanted] This kind of exercise can reveal that magma is climbing in the edifice, but isn't usually a precursor to an eruption.[15]
Teide Furthermore is taken into account structurally unstable and its northern flank has a distinctive bulge.[citation desired] The summit on the volcano has a number of smaller active fumaroles emitting sulfur dioxide together with other gases, together with very low amounts of hydrogen sulfide.
A scientific evaluation in 2006, posted within the journal Eos, noticed that "up to now 30,000 years, eruptions have transpired at a price of only 4 to 6 per millennium, having a predominance (70%) of pretty very low hazard, basaltic eruptions".[36] The authors additional commented that "the the latest eruptive record, combined with the out there petrological and radiometric info, delivers a fairly optimistic outlook on major volcanic dangers connected with Teide and its rift zones, posing only extremely localized threats for the a million inhabitants of Tenerife and also the four.5 million once-a-year guests to Teide National Park." On the other hand, A different review in 2009 concluded that Teide will probably erupt violently in the future, Which its composition is similar to that of Vesuvius and Etna.[37] Thus the magnitude of the danger posed by Teide to the general public remains a source of debate.
In a very publication of 1626, Sir Edmund Scory, who likely stayed to the island in the very first a long time of the 17th century, presents an outline of Teide, by which he notes the acceptable paths to the best and the consequences its appreciable top results in for travellers, indicating the volcano had been accessed via diverse routes ahead of the seventeenth century.[39] In 1715 the English traveler J. Edens and his party designed the ascent and noted their observations in the journal on the Royal Culture in London.[40]
Following the Enlightenment, the vast majority of expeditions that went to East Africa and also the Pacific had Teide as Just about the most worthwhile targets. The expedition of Lord George Macartney, George Staunton and John Barrow in 1792 Virtually ended in tragedy, as a major snowstorm and rain swept over them and they failed to reach the peak of Teide, just barely acquiring previous Montaña Blanca.[40][forty one]
The German scientist Alexander von Humboldt stopped in Tenerife during his voyage to South America in 1799 and climbed Teide with his travelling companion Goalé Bonpland and a few nearby guides.[forty two]
During an expedition to Kilimanjaro, the German adventurer Hans Heinrich Joseph Meyer visited Teide in 1894 to watch ice conditions on the volcano. He explained the two mountains as "two kings, one particular growing during the ocean and another while in the desert and steppes".[forty]
Far more a short while ago in November 2017, Gema Hassen-Bey grew to become the main Paralympic athlete on the planet inside a wheelchair to succeed in three,000 meters altitude with just the momentum of her arms. At first, Gema planned to reach the top rated of Teide, Even though, on account of climatic conditions, she could not satisfy this goal.
The lava flows on the flanks of Teide weather conditions to a really slim but nutrient- and mineral-abundant soil that supports a wide variety of plant species. Vascular flora consists of 168 plant species, 33 of that happen to be endemic to Tenerife.[forty four]
Forests of Canary Island Pine (Pinus canariensis) with Canary Island juniper (Juniperus cedrus) arise from one,000 to 2,100 metres (three,three hundred–6,900 ft), covering the center slopes of the volcano and reaching an alpine tree line 1,000 m (3,three hundred ft) reduce than that of continental mountains at identical latitudes.[45][forty six] Within the Las Cañadas caldera and at greater altitudes, plant species endemic into the Teide National Park include: the Teide white broom (Spartocytisus supranubius), that has white bouquets; Descurainia bourgaeana, a shrubby crucifer with yellow bouquets; the Canary Island wallflower (Erysimum scoparium), that has violet flowers; and the Teide bugloss (Echium wildpretii), whose pink bouquets form a pyramid as many as 3 m (nine.8 ft) in top.[forty seven] The Teide daisy (Argyranthemum teneriffae) are available at altitudes near 3,600 m (11,800 ft) higher than sea level, and also the Teide violet (Viola cheiranthifolia) are available suitable up to your summit, rendering it the best flowering plant in Spain.[forty eight]
These vegetation are tailored towards the tricky environmental problems within the volcano, for example high altitude, intense sunlight, Extraordinary temperature variations, and deficiency of moisture. Adaptations involve hemispherical types, a downy or waxy cover, a discount of the uncovered leaf location, and superior flower manufacturing.[46][49] Flowering takes place inside the late spring or early summer time, in May well and June.
Teide National Park consists of a lot of invertebrate species, above 40% of that are endemic species, and 70 of that happen to be identified only inside the Countrywide Park. The invertebrate fauna contains spiders, beetles, dipterans, hemipterans, and hymenopterae.[fifty]
In contrast, Teide Countrywide Park has only a restricted selection of vertebrate fauna.[fifty one] Ten species of chicken nest there, such as the blue chaffinch (Fringilla teydea), Berthelot's pipit (Anthus berthelotii berthelotii), the Atlantic canary (Serinus canaria) and also a subspecies of kestrel (Falco tinnunculus canariensis).[fifty two][fifty three]
Three endemic reptile species are present in the park: the Canary Island lizard (Gallotia galloti galloti), the Canary Island wall gecko (Tarentola delalandii), along with the Canary Island skink (Chalcides viridanus viridanus).[fifty one][54] The one mammals native to the park are bats, the commonest of which can be Leisler's bat (Nyctalus leisleri). Other mammals, including the mouflon, the rabbit, your home mouse, the black rat, the feral cat, along with the North African hedgehog, have all been introduced to your park.
Teide is the principle image of Tenerife and by far the most emblematic normal monument from the Canary Islands. A picture of Teide, gushing flames, seems on the centre of Tenerife's coat of arms. Over the volcano appears St. Michael, the patron saint of Tenerife. The flag colors on the island are dark blue, traditionally identified While using the sea that surrounds the island, and white to the whiteness in the snow-lined peaks of Mount Teide in the course of Wintertime. The brand on the Cabildo de Tenerife (governing system of your island) includes a symbol of Teide in eruption.
Teide has actually been depicted frequently throughout historical past, with the earliest engravings created by European conquerors to typical Canarian craft objects, over the back again of 1000-peseta notes, in oil paintings and on postcards.
Within the Canary Islands, In particular on Tenerife, Teide has cultural symbolism deeply rooted in traditions and background. It's popularly known as Padre Teide (Father Teide).
eide Countrywide Park (Spanish: Parque nacional del Teide, pronounced [ˈpaɾke naθjoˈnal de ˈtejðe]) is actually a countrywide park located in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain).
The national park is centered on Mount Teide, the best mountain of Spain (3,718 meters large) Additionally, the highest volcano while in the Atlantic Ocean islands as well as 3rd highest volcano on the earth from its foundation during the ocean floor (7.500 meters higher). Pico Viejo, also provided inside the national park limits, is the second maximum volcano during the Canary Islands with its 3,a hundred thirty five m peak. Mount Teide and Pico Viejo are the only two peaks within the Canary islands mounting previously mentioned The three,000 m stage.
The park has a region of 18,990 hectares located in the municipality of La Orotava[citation needed]. It had been named a Entire world Heritage Website by UNESCO on June 28, 2007.[one] For the reason that finish of 2007, it has also been one of several 12 Treasures of Spain. Over a ridge, to your east of Teide, are definitely the telescopes of the Observatorio del Teide.
Teide is easily the most visited national park in Spain and −by 2015− the eighth most visited on the earth,[2] with a few 3 million website visitors yearly.[3] In 2016, it absolutely was visited by 4,079,823 site visitors and travelers reaching a historic report.[4][5]
You will discover early morning and afternoon coach outings throughout the park, departing from picked locations from the south of Tenerife's vacationer cities. Usage of the peak requires a no cost permit that needs to be booked ahead of time.
The Teide National Park has a large historical benefit. This place had a very important spiritual importance to aboriginal Guanches and essential archaeological sites are already found during the park. With the Guanches the Teide was a location of worship, they assumed it was the gate of hell (Echeyde).[7]
Nationwide park status was declared on January 22, 1954, which was among the third in Spain. In 1981 the park was reclassified and established for a Particular lawful routine. In 1989, the Council of Europe awarded the eu Diploma of Secured Locations, in its greatest category. This recognition and conservation administration has actually been subsequently renewed in 1994, 1999 and 2004.
In celebration in the fiftieth anniversary of its transformation right into a national park, in 2002 the paperwork was started to declare the park a UNESCO Globe Heritage Web site. On June 28, 2007, following five years of labor and energy, UNESCO chose to declare the Teide Countrywide Park, Earth Heritage Web page on the planet Heritage Convention of UNESCO held in Christchurch, New Zealand. Teide Countrywide Park is usually at the end of 2007, among the twelve Treasures of Spain.
Teide Countrywide Park is complementary on the Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park,[8] this is especially as a result of remaining in Each individual of these represented the volcanic constructions and types less developed magmas of this kind of islands (Hawaii) and more advanced and differentiated (Teide).[9] Furthermore, Teide Nationwide Park shares similar scenic properties Using the Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona, U . s ..
The lava flows on the flanks of Teide temperature to an extremely skinny, but nutrient and mineral rich soil that supports a diverse number of plant species. Vascular flora is made up of 168 plant species, 33 of that happen to be endemic to Tenerife.[10]
Forests of Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) manifest from 1000–2100 m, covering the center slopes in the volcano, and having an alpine timberline 1000 m reduce than that of continental mountains of similar latitude.[11] At greater altitudes, the Las Cañadas caldera supplies adequate shelter For additional fragile species such as the Canary Island cedar (Juniperus cedrus), as well as the Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) to increase.[twelve]
By far the most dominant plant species within the Teide Countrywide Park tend to be the Teide white broom (Spartocytisus supranubius), that has a white and pink flower; the Canary Island wallflower (Erysimum scoparium), which has