Teide, or Mount Teide, (Spanish: El Teide, Pico del Teide, pronounced [ˈpiko ðel ˈtejðe], "Teide Peak") is a volcano on Tenerife while in the Canary Islands, Spain. Its summit (at 3,715 m (12,188 ft)) is the best issue in Spain and the very best place over sea amount while in the islands of the Atlantic.
If measured through the ocean floor, its top of 7,five hundred m (24,600 ft) will make Teide the fourth-highest volcano in the world, and it is explained by UNESCO and NASA as Earth's third-tallest volcanic construction. Even so, as Teide was fashioned just a hundred and seventy,000 several years back resulting from volcanic activity subsequent a catastrophic landslide, Teide's base is actually positioned in the Las Cañadas crater (the stays of an older, eroded, extinct volcano) at a height of all over two,one hundred ninety m (7,a hundred ninety ft) over sea amount. Teide's elevation previously mentioned sea degree helps make Tenerife the tenth highest island in the world. Teide can be an Lively volcano: its newest eruption happened in 1909 with the El Chinyero vent within the northwestern Santiago rift. The United Nations Committee for Disaster Mitigation specified Teide a Decade Volcano[10] because of its background of damaging eruptions and its proximity to various massive towns, of which the closest are Garachico, Icod de los Vinos and Puerto de la Cruz. Teide, Pico Viejo and Montaña Blanca sort the Central Volcanic Intricate of Tenerife.
The volcano and its surroundings comprise Teide Countrywide Park, that has a region of eighteen,900 hectares (47,000 acres) and was named a Environment Heritage Website by UNESCO in 2007.[eight] Teide is considered the most visited all-natural ponder of Spain, essentially the most visited nationwide park in Spain and Europe and – by 2015 – the eighth most visited on the planet, with a few 3 million people yearly. In 2016, it was frequented by 4,079,823 site visitors and travellers, reaching a historical history. Teide Observatory, An important Worldwide astronomical observatory, is situated to the slopes of your mountain.
Prior to the 1496 Spanish colonization of Tenerife, the native Guanches referred to a robust figure residing in the volcano, which carries light-weight, electricity along with the Sunlight. El Pico del Teide is the modern Spanish identify.[fifteen]
Teide was a sacred mountain to the aboriginal Guanches, so it was deemed a mythological mountain, as Mount Olympus was to the ancient Greeks. Based on legend, Guayota (the Satan) kidnapped Magec (the god of sunshine as well as Sunlight) and imprisoned him Within the volcano, plunging the world into darkness. The Guanches questioned their supreme god Achamán for clemency, so Achamán fought Guayota, freed Magec in the bowels from the mountain, and plugged the crater with Guayota. It is alleged that due to the fact then, Guayota has remained locked inside of Teide. When taking place to Teide for the duration of an eruption, it had been customary with the Guanches to gentle bonfires to scare Guayota. Guayota is frequently represented as being a black Pet, accompanied by his host of demons (Tibicenas).
The Guanches also thought that Teide held up the sky. Many hiding locations found in the mountains have the continues to be of stone equipment and pottery. These happen to be interpreted as currently being ritual deposits to counter the influence of evil spirits, like Those people made by the Berbers of Kabylie. The Guanches thought the mountain to get the put that housed the forces of evil and probably the most evil determine, Guayota.[16]
Guayota shares options comparable to other impressive deities inhabiting volcanoes, such as the goddess Pele of Hawaiian mythology, who lives within the volcano Kīlauea which is regarded because of the native Hawaiians as answerable for the eruptions from the volcano.[seventeen] The same was real for the ancient Greeks and Romans, who thought that Vulcano and Mount Etna had been chimneys in the foundry of the fire god Hephaestus (Vulcan in Latin).
In 1492, when Christopher Columbus arrived for the island of Tenerife, his crew claimed to check out flames coming from the very best mountain with the island (Teide).
Teide very last erupted in 1909 through the El Chinyero vent,[23] on the Santiago Ridge. Historic volcanic exercise within the island is connected with vents to the Santiago or northwest rift (Boca Cangrejo in 1492, Montañas Negras in 1706,[23] Narices del Teide or Chahorra in 1798, and El Chinyero in 1909) and also the Cordillera Dorsal or northeast rift (Fasnia in 1704, Siete Fuentes and Arafo in 1705). The 1706 Montañas Negras eruption ruined the town and principal port of Garachico, together with a number of more compact villages.[fifteen]
Historic activity related to the Teide and Pico Viejo stratovolcanoes [23] happened in 1798 through the Narices del Teide to the western flank of Pico Viejo. Eruptive product from Pico Viejo, Montaña Teide and Montaña Blanca partly fills the Las Cañadas caldera.[22] The last explosive eruption involving the central volcanic centre was from Montaña Blanca close to 2000 decades in the past. The last eruption inside the Las Cañadas caldera happened in 1798 from the Narices del Teide or Chahorra (Teide's Nostrils) about the western flank of Pico Viejo. The eruption was predominantly strombolian in fashion and the majority of the lava was ʻaʻā. This lava is noticeable beside the Vilaflor–Chio street.
Christopher Columbus noted viewing "a great fire during the Orotava Valley" as he sailed earlier Tenerife on his voyage to discover The brand new Environment in 1492. This was interpreted as indicating that he experienced witnessed an eruption there. Radiometric relationship of achievable lavas signifies that in 1492 no eruption happened within the Orotava Valley, but a single did happen from the Boca Cangrejo vent.[23]
The final summit eruption from Teide happened with regard to the year 850 Advertisement, which eruption generated the "Lavas Negras" or "Black Lavas" that cover Significantly in the flanks of your volcano.[23]
About one hundred fifty,000 several years back, a much larger explosive eruption transpired, most likely of Volcanic Explosivity Index five. It produced the Las Cañadas caldera, a big caldera at about two,000 m higher than sea amount, all over 16 km (nine.nine mi) from east to west and 9 km (five.6 mi) from north to south. At Guajara, to the south aspect from the structure, The interior walls increase as Nearly sheer cliffs from two,100 to 2,715 m (six,890 to 8,907 ft). The three,715 m (twelve,188 ft) summit of Teide by itself, and its sister stratovolcano Pico Viejo (3,134 m (10,282 ft)), are both situated while in the northern 50 percent from the caldera and so are derived from eruptions later on than this prehistoric explosion.
Upcoming eruptions may perhaps consist of pyroclastic flows and surges comparable to the ones that happened at Mount Pelée, Merapi, Vesuvius, Etna, the Soufrière Hills, Mount Unzen and somewhere else. Throughout 2003, there was a rise in seismic exercise on the volcano along with a rift opened within the north-east flank. No eruptive action happened but a amount of fabric, quite possibly liquid, was emplaced into the edifice and is believed to possess a volume of ~1011 m3.[citation wanted] These action can suggest that magma is rising into your edifice, but is not really always a precursor to an eruption.[15]
Teide Moreover is taken into account structurally unstable and its northern flank has a distinctive bulge.[citation essential] The summit in the volcano has several small active fumaroles emitting sulfur dioxide together with other gases, like minimal amounts of hydrogen sulfide.
Foreseeable future eruptions might include things like pyroclastic flows and surges much like those who occurred at Mount Pelée, Merapi, Vesuvius, Etna, the Soufrière Hills, Mount Unzen and somewhere else. Through 2003, there was an increase in seismic action for the volcano as well as a rift opened about the north-east flank. No eruptive action occurred but a quantity of fabric, potentially liquid, was emplaced in to the edifice and is approximated to possess a quantity of ~1011 m3.[citation desired] Such activity can show that magma is climbing into your edifice, but will not be usually a precursor to an eruption.[15]
Teide In addition is considered structurally unstable and its northern flank has a distinctive bulge.[citation essential] The summit with the volcano has several compact Energetic fumaroles emitting sulfur dioxide along with other gases, which includes reduced amounts of hydrogen sulfide.
A scientific evaluation in 2006, published in the journal Eos, noticed that "previously thirty,000 many years, eruptions have occurred at a price of only four to 6 for each millennium, that has a predominance (70%) of really low hazard, basaltic eruptions".[36] The authors further commented that "the the latest eruptive history, combined with the obtainable petrological and radiometric facts, provides a instead optimistic outlook on main volcanic dangers relevant to Teide and its rift zones, posing only quite localized threats on the a million inhabitants of Tenerife plus the 4.five million once-a-year guests to Teide National Park." However, An additional research in 2009 concluded that Teide will probably erupt violently Later on, Which its composition is analogous to that of Vesuvius and Etna.[37] So the magnitude of the danger posed by Teide to the public continues to be a source of discussion.
In the publication of 1626, Sir Edmund Scory, who almost certainly stayed within the island in the 1st a long time of the seventeenth century, presents an outline of Teide, through which he notes the acceptable paths to the highest and the consequences its significant peak leads to for travellers, indicating which the volcano were accessed by means of distinct routes before the seventeenth century.[39] In 1715 the English traveler J. Edens and his occasion manufactured the ascent and reported their observations inside the journal of your Royal Society in London.[40]
Once the Enlightenment, many of the expeditions that went to East Africa as well as Pacific experienced Teide as One of the more gratifying targets. The expedition of Lord George el teide Macartney, George Staunton and John Barrow in 1792 Nearly led to tragedy, as An important snowstorm and rain swept more than them and they failed to reach the peak of Teide, just scarcely receiving previous Montaña Blanca.[forty][41]
The German scientist Alexander von Humboldt stopped in Tenerife in the course of his voyage to South The united states in 1799 and climbed Teide together with his travelling companion Goalé Bonpland and a few nearby guides.[forty two]
Through an expedition to Kilimanjaro, the German adventurer Hans Heinrich Joseph Meyer frequented Teide in 1894 to watch ice ailments to the volcano. He described the two mountains as "two kings, just one growing from the ocean and the other during the desert and steppes".[40]
Additional lately in November 2017, Gema Hassen-Bey grew to become the primary Paralympic athlete in the world within a wheelchair to achieve 3,000 meters altitude with just the momentum of her arms. In the beginning, Gema wanted to reach the best of Teide, Even though, as a result of climatic conditions, she couldn't satisfy this objective.
The lava flows about the flanks of Teide temperature to a very skinny but nutrient- and mineral-prosperous soil that supports numerous types of plant species. Vascular flora consists of 168 plant species, 33 of that are endemic to Tenerife.[44]
Forests of Canary Island Pine (Pinus canariensis) with Canary Island juniper (Juniperus cedrus) happen from one,000 to 2,one hundred metres (3,300–6,900 ft), covering the center slopes of your volcano and reaching an alpine tree line one,000 m (three,300 ft) lessen than that of continental mountains at identical latitudes.[forty five][forty six] Inside the Las Cañadas caldera and at bigger altitudes, plant species endemic to your Teide Countrywide Park incorporate: the Teide white broom (Spartocytisus supranubius), which has white bouquets; Descurainia bourgaeana, a shrubby crucifer with yellow flowers; the Canary Island wallflower (Erysimum scoparium), which has violet bouquets; plus the Teide bugloss (Echium wildpretii), whose pink bouquets variety a pyramid as much as 3 m (9.8 ft) in top.[47] The Teide daisy (Argyranthemum teneriffae) are available at altitudes near three,600 m (11,800 ft) higher than sea amount, as well as Teide violet (Viola cheiranthifolia) are available appropriate up on the summit, making it the very best flowering plant in Spain.[forty eight]
These plants are tailored for the difficult environmental circumstances on the volcano, for instance significant altitude, rigorous sunlight, Serious temperature versions, and lack of moisture. Adaptations contain hemispherical kinds, a downy or waxy go over, a reduction of your uncovered leaf region, and significant flower creation.[46][49] Flowering takes put within the late spring or early summer time, in May well and June.
Teide Countrywide Park includes a large number of invertebrate species, around 40% of which can be endemic species, and 70 of which happen to be found only from the Countrywide Park. The invertebrate fauna includes spiders, beetles, dipterans, hemipterans, and hymenopterae.[fifty]
In distinction, Teide Countrywide Park has just a confined range of vertebrate fauna.[fifty one] 10 species of chook nest there, including the blue chaffinch (Fringilla teydea), Berthelot's pipit (Anthus berthelotii berthelotii), the Atlantic canary (Serinus canaria) along with a subspecies of kestrel (Falco tinnunculus canariensis).[52][fifty three]
3 endemic reptile species are present in the park: the Canary Island lizard (Gallotia galloti galloti), the Canary Island wall gecko (Tarentola delalandii), and the Canary Island skink (Chalcides viridanus viridanus).[51][fifty four] The only mammals native on the park are bats, the most typical of that is Leisler's bat (Nyctalus leisleri). Other mammals, such as the mouflon, the rabbit, the home mouse, the black rat, the feral cat, and also the North African hedgehog, have all been introduced to your park.
Teide is the main image of Tenerife and essentially the most emblematic organic monument of your Canary Islands. A picture of Teide, gushing flames, seems within the centre of Tenerife's coat of arms. Higher than the volcano appears St. Michael, the patron saint of Tenerife. The flag shades from the island are dark blue, ordinarily recognized Together with the sea that surrounds the island, and white to the whiteness from the snow-lined peaks of Mount Teide throughout winter. The emblem on the Cabildo de Tenerife (governing physique on the island) features a image of Teide in eruption.
Teide has been depicted usually during heritage, through the earliest engravings created by European conquerors to usual Canarian craft objects, about the back again of a thousand-peseta notes, in oil paintings and on postcards.
From the Canary Islands, Particularly on Tenerife, Teide has cultural symbolism deeply rooted in traditions and record. It is actually popularly referred to as Padre Teide (Father Teide).
eide National Park (Spanish: Parque nacional del Teide, pronounced [ˈpaɾke naθjoˈnal de ˈtejðe]) is really a countrywide park located in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain).
The countrywide park is centered on Mount Teide, the highest mountain of Spain (three,718 meters significant) in addition, the best volcano during the Atlantic Ocean islands plus the 3rd highest volcano in the world from its foundation within the ocean floor (seven.500 meters large). Pico Viejo, also provided within the countrywide park limitations, is the second best volcano from the Canary Islands with its three,a hundred thirty five m peak. Mount Teide and Pico Viejo are the one two peaks inside the Canary islands climbing over The three,000 m level.
The park has a location of eighteen,990 hectares situated in the municipality of La Orotava[citation desired]. It was named a Earth Heritage Internet site by UNESCO on June 28, 2007.[one] Because the finish of 2007, it's got also been one of many twelve Treasures of Spain. With a ridge, into the east of Teide, are classified as the telescopes in the Observatorio del Teide.
Teide is the most frequented nationwide park in Spain and −by 2015− the eighth most visited on the globe,[two] with a few 3 million people annually.[3] In 2016, it was frequented by 4,079,823 site visitors and travelers achieving a historical report.[four][five]
You will find early morning and afternoon coach journeys throughout the park, departing from selected locations while in the south of Tenerife's vacationer cities. Usage of the peak demands a free of charge permit that should be booked in advance.
The Teide Countrywide Park has a significant historical price. This location experienced a crucial spiritual importance to aboriginal Guanches and significant archaeological sites have already been found out during the park. For that Guanches the Teide was a spot of worship, they thought it absolutely was the gate of hell (Echeyde).[seven]
National park standing was declared on January 22, 1954, which was among the list of 3rd in Spain. In 1981 the park was reclassified and proven like a Exclusive lawful regime. In 1989, the Council of Europe awarded the European Diploma of Protected Parts, in its optimum category. This recognition and conservation administration has long been subsequently renewed in 1994, 1999 and 2004.
In celebration in the fiftieth anniversary of its transformation right into a national park, in 2002 the paperwork was started to declare the park a UNESCO Environment Heritage Web-site. On June 28, 2007, immediately after 5 years of work and energy, UNESCO made a decision to declare the Teide National Park, World Heritage Web-site in the World Heritage Convention of UNESCO held in Christchurch, New Zealand. Teide Nationwide Park can also be at the end of 2007, among the 12 Treasures of Spain.
Teide Nationwide Park is complementary to your Hawaiʻi Volcanoes Countrywide Park,[eight] this is especially due to currently being in each of them represented the volcanic constructions and types fewer developed magmas of these kinds of islands (Hawaii) and a lot more advanced and differentiated (Teide).[9] Furthermore, Teide Countrywide Park shares identical scenic properties Using the Grand Canyon Nationwide Park in Arizona, United States.
The lava flows about the flanks of Teide temperature to an incredibly slender, but nutrient and mineral prosperous soil that supports a diverse amount of plant species. Vascular flora consists of 168 plant species, 33 of that happen to be endemic to Tenerife.[10]
Forests of Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) happen from a thousand–2100 m, covering the middle slopes of the volcano, and obtaining an alpine timberline 1000 m decrease than that of continental mountains of comparable latitude.[11] At larger altitudes, the Las Cañadas caldera offers enough shelter for more fragile species like the Canary Island cedar (Juniperus cedrus), along with the Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) to develop.[12]
One of the most dominant plant species within the Teide Nationwide Park are the