Teide, or Mount Teide, (Spanish: El Teide, Pico del Teide, pronounced [ˈpiko ðel ˈtejðe], "Teide Peak") is usually a volcano on Tenerife during the Canary Islands, Spain. Its summit (at 3,715 m (12,188 ft)) is the highest stage in Spain and the best position over sea level inside the islands on the Atlantic.
If measured from the ocean floor, its height of seven,five hundred m (24,600 ft) makes Teide the fourth-maximum volcano in the world, and it is described by UNESCO and NASA as Earth's third-tallest volcanic composition. Nevertheless, as Teide was shaped just a hundred and seventy,000 years in the past as a consequence of volcanic exercise pursuing a catastrophic landslide, Teide's base is really located in the Las Cañadas crater (the continues to be of the more mature, eroded, extinct volcano) in a peak of all-around two,one hundred ninety m (7,one hundred ninety ft) above sea degree. Teide's elevation earlier mentioned sea amount would make Tenerife the tenth highest island on the earth. Teide is surely an Lively volcano: its newest eruption transpired in 1909 from the El Chinyero vent over the northwestern Santiago rift. The United Nations Committee for Catastrophe Mitigation selected Teide a Decade Volcano[ten] due to its historical past of damaging eruptions and its proximity to several massive cities, of which the closest are Garachico, Icod de los Vinos and Puerto de la Cruz. Teide, Pico Viejo and Montaña Blanca variety the Central Volcanic Elaborate of Tenerife.
The volcano and its surroundings comprise Teide Nationwide Park, that has a location of 18,900 hectares (47,000 acres) and was named a World Heritage Web-site by UNESCO in 2007.[eight] Teide is among the most visited organic speculate of Spain, probably the most frequented national park in Spain and Europe and – by 2015 – the eighth most frequented on the earth, with a few three million website visitors annually. In 2016, it absolutely was frequented by 4,079,823 guests and visitors, achieving a historical document. Teide Observatory, A serious Global astronomical observatory, is situated over the slopes on the mountain.
Ahead of the 1496 Spanish colonization of Tenerife, the indigenous Guanches referred to a robust figure residing in the volcano, which carries gentle, electrical power and the Sunlight. El Pico del Teide is the fashionable Spanish name.[fifteen]
Teide was a sacred mountain for the aboriginal Guanches, so it absolutely was thought of a mythological mountain, as Mount Olympus was to the ancient Greeks. As outlined by legend, Guayota (the devil) kidnapped Magec (the god of light and also the Sunlight) and imprisoned him In the volcano, plunging the whole world into darkness. The Guanches requested their supreme god Achamán for clemency, so Achamán fought Guayota, freed Magec from the bowels on the mountain, and plugged the crater with Guayota. It is said that given that then, Guayota has remained locked within Teide. When taking place to Teide all through an eruption, it absolutely was customary with the Guanches to gentle bonfires to scare Guayota. Guayota is commonly represented as a black Pet dog, accompanied by his host of demons (Tibicenas).
The Guanches also believed that Teide held up the sky. Quite a few hiding places found in the mountains consist of the stays of stone equipment and pottery. These have been interpreted as becoming ritual deposits to counter the affect of evil spirits, like those created by the Berbers of Kabylie. The Guanches believed the mountain being the place that housed the forces of evil and probably the most evil determine, Guayota.[16]
Guayota shares options comparable to other strong deities inhabiting volcanoes, such as the goddess Pele of Hawaiian mythology, who lives inside the volcano Kīlauea and is regarded with the native Hawaiians as liable for the eruptions from the volcano.[17] Exactly the same was legitimate for The traditional Greeks and Romans, who believed that Vulcano and Mount Etna had been chimneys on the foundry of the fireplace god Hephaestus (Vulcan in Latin).
In 1492, when Christopher Columbus arrived at the island of Tenerife, his crew claimed to discover flames coming from the highest mountain in the island (Teide).
Teide final erupted in 1909 with the El Chinyero vent,[23] on the Santiago Ridge. Historical volcanic exercise within the island is associated with vents to the Santiago or northwest rift (Boca Cangrejo in 1492, Montañas Negras in 1706,[23] Narices del Teide or Chahorra in 1798, and El Chinyero in 1909) as well as the Cordillera Dorsal or northeast rift (Fasnia in 1704, Siete Fuentes and Arafo in 1705). The 1706 Montañas Negras eruption destroyed the city and principal port of Garachico, as well as a number of smaller sized villages.[15]
Historic action associated with the Teide and Pico Viejo stratovolcanoes [23] occurred in 1798 from the Narices del Teide on the western flank of Pico Viejo. Eruptive product from Pico Viejo, Montaña Teide and Montaña Blanca partially fills the Las Cañadas caldera.[22] The last explosive eruption involving the central volcanic centre was from Montaña Blanca around 2000 yrs in the past. The last eruption in the Las Cañadas caldera happened in 1798 from your Narices del Teide or Chahorra (Teide's Nostrils) within the western flank of Pico Viejo. The eruption was predominantly strombolian in model and a lot of the lava was ʻaʻā. This lava is noticeable beside the Vilaflor–Chio street.
Christopher Columbus reported viewing "a great fire inside the Orotava Valley" as he sailed previous Tenerife on his voyage to find out The brand new Earth in 1492. This was interpreted as indicating that he experienced witnessed an eruption there. Radiometric courting of feasible lavas signifies that in 1492 no eruption happened from the Orotava Valley, but one did arise in the Boca Cangrejo vent.[23]
The last summit eruption from Teide occurred with regards to the calendar year 850 Advert, and this eruption generated the "Lavas Negras" or "Black Lavas" that deal with A lot on the flanks of your volcano.[23]
About 150,000 many years back, a much bigger explosive eruption transpired, possibly of Volcanic Explosivity Index 5. It established the Las Cañadas caldera, a large caldera at about two,000 m previously mentioned sea level, about sixteen km (9.9 mi) from east to west and 9 km (5.six mi) from north to south. At Guajara, around the south aspect with the framework, the internal walls increase as Nearly sheer cliffs from two,a hundred to 2,715 m (six,890 to 8,907 ft). The 3,715 m (twelve,188 ft) summit of Teide by itself, and its sister stratovolcano Pico Viejo (three,134 m (ten,282 ft)), are each positioned within the northern 50 percent of the caldera and so are derived from eruptions later on than this prehistoric explosion.
Upcoming eruptions may contain pyroclastic flows and surges similar to people who happened at Mount Pelée, Merapi, Vesuvius, Etna, the Soufrière Hills, Mount Unzen and elsewhere. For the duration of 2003, there was an increase in seismic activity with the volcano along with a rift opened to the north-east flank. No eruptive exercise happened but a amount of material, potentially liquid, was emplaced into the edifice which is believed to have a quantity of ~1011 m3.[citation required] These types of action can reveal that magma is increasing in to the edifice, but is just not constantly a precursor to an eruption.[15]
Teide In addition is taken into account structurally unstable and its northern flank has a distinctive bulge.[citation desired] The summit from the volcano has a number of compact Lively fumaroles emitting sulfur dioxide and other gases, including small amounts of hydrogen sulfide.
Potential eruptions might involve pyroclastic flows and surges comparable to those who happened at Mount Pelée, Merapi, Vesuvius, Etna, the Soufrière Hills, Mount Unzen and in other places. During 2003, there was an increase in seismic exercise for the volcano in addition to a rift opened around the north-east flank. No eruptive activity occurred but a quantity of material, possibly liquid, was emplaced into the edifice and is particularly believed to have a volume of ~1011 m3.[citation wanted] These kinds of exercise can reveal that magma is increasing in the edifice, but is not constantly a precursor to an eruption.[fifteen]
Teide additionally is taken into account structurally unstable and its northern flank has a particular bulge.[citation essential] The summit with the volcano has quite a few smaller Energetic fumaroles emitting sulfur dioxide together with other gases, which includes low levels of hydrogen sulfide.
A scientific assessment in 2006, printed while in the journal Eos, observed that "in past times thirty,000 a long time, eruptions have occurred in a level of only four to six per millennium, with a predominance (70%) of really minimal hazard, basaltic eruptions".[36] The authors more commented that "the modern eruptive file, combined with the available petrological and radiometric details, delivers a instead optimistic outlook on main volcanic dangers linked to Teide and its rift zones, posing only pretty localized threats towards the a million inhabitants of Tenerife and also the 4.5 million yearly website visitors to Teide National Park." Nevertheless, Yet another examine in 2009 concluded that Teide will most likely erupt violently Sooner or later, Which its composition is similar to that of Vesuvius and Etna.[37] So the magnitude of the chance posed by Teide to the public stays a source of debate.
In a publication of 1626, Sir Edmund Scory, who probably stayed on the island in the first a long time from the seventeenth century, provides an outline of Teide, in which he notes the ideal paths to the highest and the consequences its substantial peak will cause for travellers, indicating which the volcano were accessed through various routes before the seventeenth century.[39] In 1715 the English traveler J. Edens and his party manufactured the ascent and documented their observations while in the journal from the Royal Culture in London.[40]
Following the Enlightenment, the majority of the expeditions that went to East Africa plus the Pacific experienced Teide as Among the most fulfilling targets. The el teide expedition of Lord George Macartney, George Staunton and John Barrow in 1792 Nearly ended in tragedy, as a major snowstorm and rain swept more than them and so they didn't get to the peak of Teide, just scarcely acquiring past Montaña Blanca.[40][forty one]
The German scientist Alexander von Humboldt stopped in Tenerife in the course of his voyage to South The usa in 1799 and climbed Teide with his travelling companion Purposeé Bonpland and many local guides.[forty two]
Throughout an expedition to Kilimanjaro, the German adventurer Hans Heinrich Joseph Meyer visited Teide in 1894 to watch ice situations to the volcano. He explained the two mountains as "two kings, one rising in the ocean and one other from the desert and steppes".[forty]
Extra just lately in November 2017, Gema Hassen-Bey grew to become the initial Paralympic athlete on the globe in the wheelchair to reach three,000 meters altitude with only the momentum of her arms. At first, Gema planned to reach the best of Teide, Despite the fact that, resulting from weather conditions, she could not fulfill this goal.
The lava flows to the flanks of Teide temperature to an incredibly slim but nutrient- and mineral-wealthy soil that supports numerous types of plant species. Vascular flora includes 168 plant species, 33 of which can be endemic to Tenerife.[44]
Forests of Canary Island Pine (Pinus canariensis) with Canary Island juniper (Juniperus cedrus) come about from one,000 to two,a hundred metres (three,300–six,900 ft), masking the middle slopes with the volcano and achieving an alpine tree line 1,000 m (three,300 ft) lower than that of continental mountains at very similar latitudes.[45][46] Inside the Las Cañadas caldera and at greater altitudes, plant species endemic towards the Teide Countrywide Park include things like: the Teide white broom (Spartocytisus supranubius), which has white flowers; Descurainia bourgaeana, a shrubby crucifer with yellow bouquets; the Canary Island wallflower (Erysimum scoparium), which has violet flowers; and the Teide bugloss (Echium wildpretii), whose red bouquets sort a pyramid as much as three m (nine.8 ft) in top.[forty seven] The Teide daisy (Argyranthemum teneriffae) are available at altitudes close to three,600 m (eleven,800 ft) higher than sea stage, plus the Teide violet (Viola cheiranthifolia) can be found suitable up for the summit, which makes it the best flowering plant in Spain.[forty eight]
These crops are tailored towards the tough environmental ailments on the volcano, such as substantial altitude, powerful sunlight, Severe temperature variants, and not enough moisture. Adaptations consist of hemispherical sorts, a downy or waxy include, a discount with the uncovered leaf location, and large flower production.[46][49] Flowering takes location while in the late spring or early summertime, in Might and June.
Teide Nationwide Park contains a large number of invertebrate species, more than forty% of that happen to be endemic species, and 70 of which happen to be located only in the Nationwide Park. The invertebrate fauna incorporates spiders, beetles, dipterans, hemipterans, and hymenopterae.[50]
In distinction, Teide National Park has merely a limited a number of vertebrate fauna.[51] Ten species of fowl nest there, such as the blue chaffinch (Fringilla teydea), Berthelot's pipit (Anthus berthelotii berthelotii), the Atlantic canary (Serinus canaria) and also a subspecies of kestrel (Falco tinnunculus canariensis).[fifty two][fifty three]
3 endemic reptile species are found in the park: the Canary Island lizard (Gallotia galloti galloti), the Canary Island wall gecko (Tarentola delalandii), plus the Canary Island skink (Chalcides viridanus viridanus).[fifty one][fifty four] The one mammals indigenous on the park are bats, the commonest of which can be Leisler's bat (Nyctalus leisleri). Other mammals, like the mouflon, the rabbit, the home mouse, the black rat, the feral cat, as well as the North African hedgehog, have all been launched for the park.
Teide is the leading image of Tenerife and one of the most emblematic organic monument from the Canary Islands. An image of Teide, gushing flames, seems with the centre of Tenerife's coat of arms. Above the volcano appears St. Michael, the patron saint of Tenerife. The flag colors of the island are dim blue, traditionally identified Together with the sea that surrounds the island, and white with the whiteness in the snow-lined peaks of Mount Teide through Winter season. The brand from the Cabildo de Tenerife (governing system on the island) features a symbol of Teide in eruption.
Teide has become depicted regularly through history, with the earliest engravings created by European conquerors to usual Canarian craft objects, to the back again of 1000-peseta notes, in oil paintings and on postcards.
Within the Canary Islands, Specifically on Tenerife, Teide has cultural symbolism deeply rooted in traditions and heritage. It truly is commonly often called Padre Teide (Father Teide).
eide Countrywide Park (Spanish: Parque nacional del Teide, pronounced [ˈpaɾke naθjoˈnal de ˈtejðe]) can be a nationwide park situated in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain).
The nationwide park is centered on Mount Teide, the very best mountain of Spain (three,718 meters substantial) in addition, the highest volcano during the Atlantic Ocean islands and the 3rd optimum volcano on this planet from its foundation from the ocean floor (7.500 meters substantial). Pico Viejo, also included inside the countrywide park restrictions, is the second optimum volcano while in the Canary Islands with its three,a hundred thirty five m peak. Mount Teide and Pico Viejo are the one two peaks within the Canary islands climbing above the 3,000 m level.
The park has a region of eighteen,990 hectares situated in the municipality of La Orotava[citation needed]. It had been named a Environment Heritage Site by UNESCO on June 28, 2007.[one] Because the close of 2007, it's got also been among the list of 12 Treasures of Spain. On the ridge, to your east of Teide, are classified as the telescopes from the Observatorio del Teide.
Teide is easily the most visited countrywide park in Spain and −by 2015− the eighth most visited on the earth,[2] with some three million guests yearly.[3] In 2016, it was frequented by 4,079,823 people and vacationers reaching a historic history.[4][5]
You'll find early morning and afternoon coach outings with the park, departing from picked locations during the south of Tenerife's tourist towns. Access to the peak demands a absolutely free permit that should be booked upfront.
The Teide National Park has a substantial historic value. This location experienced a very important spiritual significance to aboriginal Guanches and vital archaeological internet sites happen to be identified in the park. To the Guanches the Teide was a location of worship, they believed it was the gate of hell (Echeyde).[7]
Nationwide park position was declared on January 22, 1954, which was one of several 3rd in Spain. In 1981 the park was reclassified and set up to be a Distinctive legal routine. In 1989, the Council of Europe awarded the ecu Diploma of Protected Regions, in its optimum group. This recognition and conservation administration has become subsequently renewed in 1994, 1999 and 2004.
In celebration with the 50th anniversary of its transformation right into a countrywide park, in 2002 the paperwork was begun to declare the park a UNESCO Environment Heritage Site. On June 28, 2007, following five years of work and energy, UNESCO chose to declare the Teide National Park, Earth Heritage Web site on the globe Heritage Conference of UNESCO held in Christchurch, New Zealand. Teide Nationwide Park can be at the end of 2007, one of many twelve Treasures of Spain.
Teide National Park is complementary on the Hawaiʻi Volcanoes Nationwide Park,[8] this is especially as a consequence of becoming in Every of these represented the volcanic buildings and sorts significantly less advanced magmas of this kind of islands (Hawaii) and even more evolved and differentiated (Teide).[9] In addition, Teide Nationwide Park shares comparable scenic characteristics While using the Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona, United states of america.
The lava flows on the flanks of Teide weather to an incredibly skinny, but nutrient and mineral abundant soil that supports a diverse range of plant species. Vascular flora is made up of 168 plant species, 33 of which are endemic to Tenerife.[10]
Forests of Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) occur from 1000–2100 m, masking the center slopes of the volcano, and having an alpine timberline 1000 m reduce than that of continental mountains of comparable latitude.[11] At better altitudes, the Las Cañadas caldera supplies sufficient shelter for more fragile species like the Canary Island cedar (Juniperus cedrus), plus the Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) to mature.[12]
One of the most dominant plant species in the Teide Nationwide Park will be the Teide white broom (Spartocytisus supranubius), that has a white and pink flower; the